Maximizing the velocity deflection of asteroid Didymos using the Whale Optimization Algorithm

Abstract

This study aims to optimize the velocity change of the Didymos asteroid using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The deflection of asteroids that pose significant threats to Earth is a crucial aspect of upcoming space missions. In this research, a spacecraft is attached to the Didymos asteroid, utilizing its gravitational force as a perturbation to modify the asteroid's trajectory. The transfer of kinetic energy from the spacecraft to the asteroid induces a change in velocity (ΔV). The findings indicate that the most substantial impact on velocity occurs in the radial direction, showing divergent oscillatory behavior. The results suggest that the optimal point for significant velocity change is located shortly after the perihelion. At this point, WOA achieves the maximum velocity change. Additionally, the stability of the asteroid's deflection is investigated due to the nonlinear characteristics of the orbital motion equations. The optimal velocity change is identified as $\Delta V_{total}=2.5139\times 10^{-7}\left(\frac{km}{s}\right)$ at $\Delta t=27.657\left(h\right)$, occurring after the perihelion at ${t\left(h\right)}_{\Delta V_{\max }}$. This study introduces a novel optimization approach for asteroid deflection, emphasizing the nonlinear dynamics of orbital motion.