PFC/PFAS concentrations in human milk and infant exposure through lactation: a comprehensive review of the scientific literature.

IF 4.8 2区 医学 Q1 TOXICOLOGY
Neus González, Jose L Domingo
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), previously known as perfluorinated compounds (PFC), are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used over the past decades. Their extensive application, combined with their environmental persistence, has contributed to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and the associated toxicological risks. Regarding humans, blood serum testing remains the primary method for biomonitoring PFAS exposure, while breast milk has also been used due to the transfer of these substances from mothers to infants during lactation. This paper aims to review the scientific literature (using PubMed and Scopus databases) on PFAS concentrations in the breast milk of non-occupationally exposed women. Where available, the estimated daily intake of these compounds by breastfeeding infants is also examined. The reviewed studies are categorized by continent and country/region, revealing a significant lack of data for many countries, including both developed and developing nations. The findings indicate substantial variability in PFAS concentrations, influenced by factors such as geographic location, sampling year, and the specific PFAS analyzed. Among the identified compounds, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are most commonly detected, along with perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), being the only PFAS with regulated maximum levels in certain foodstuffs. Most studies were conducted before the implementation of the current (updated) tolerable weekly intake (TWI) values for these substances. Consequently, the majority reported a low health risk for breastfeeding infants, even in high-intake scenarios. Nevertheless, biomonitoring studies are urgently needed in countries with limited or no data, and new investigations should assess whether current estimated intakes exceed the updated TWI. Special focus should be given to rural and industrial areas where exposure levels remain poorly understood.

母乳中PFC/PFAS的浓度和婴儿通过哺乳接触:科学文献的综合综述。
全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS),以前称为全氟化合物(PFC),是过去几十年来广泛使用的一组合成化学品。它们的广泛应用,再加上它们在环境中的持久性,导致了它们在环境中无处不在,并带来了相关的毒理学风险。就人类而言,血清检测仍然是生物监测PFAS暴露的主要方法,而母乳也被使用,因为这些物质在哺乳期从母亲转移到婴儿身上。本文旨在回顾有关非职业暴露妇女母乳中PFAS浓度的科学文献(使用PubMed和Scopus数据库)。在可能的情况下,还检查了母乳喂养婴儿对这些化合物的估计每日摄入量。审查的研究按大陆和国家/地区分类,显示许多国家(包括发达国家和发展中国家)严重缺乏数据。研究结果表明,受地理位置、采样年份和所分析的特定PFAS等因素的影响,PFAS浓度存在显著差异。在已确定的化合物中,最常检测到的是全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA),以及全氟己磺酸(PFHxS)和全氟壬酸(PFNA),它们是某些食品中唯一受最高限量管制的全氟磺酸。大多数研究是在实施这些物质的当前(更新的)每周可耐受摄入量(TWI)值之前进行的。因此,大多数人报告说,即使在高摄入量的情况下,母乳喂养婴儿的健康风险也很低。然而,在数据有限或没有数据的国家,迫切需要进行生物监测研究,新的调查应评估目前的估计摄入量是否超过更新的TWI。应特别重视农村和工业地区,因为这些地区的接触水平仍然不清楚。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Archives of Toxicology
Archives of Toxicology 医学-毒理学
CiteScore
11.60
自引率
4.90%
发文量
218
审稿时长
1.5 months
期刊介绍: Archives of Toxicology provides up-to-date information on the latest advances in toxicology. The journal places particular emphasis on studies relating to defined effects of chemicals and mechanisms of toxicity, including toxic activities at the molecular level, in humans and experimental animals. Coverage includes new insights into analysis and toxicokinetics and into forensic toxicology. Review articles of general interest to toxicologists are an additional important feature of the journal.
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