Major blood stream infection-causing bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends: a multisite retrospective study in Asmara, Eritrea (2014-2022).

Abstract

Background: An important knowledge gap exists on the epidemiology of blood stream infections (BSIs) in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated the etiology, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and trends of BSIs in Eritrea.

Methods: The study reviewed 9-year records (January 2014- December 2022) of 3153 patients with blood culture results available in the National Health Laboratory (NHL) archives. Relevant data included age, sex, hospital/care center, and year.

Result: During the surveillance period, we examined data from 3153 patients (1797 (57.0%) men vs. 1356 (43.0%) females, and 1.2 years (Q1: 0.01 months - Q3: 15 years). Of the samples submitted, 1026 (35.5%) samples were positive for the presence of pathogens (663(64.6%) pathogens vs. 363 (35.4%)) potential contaminants. In decreasing frequency, the most common isolates were: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNs), 189 (28.6%); Klebsiella spp., 120 (18.2%); Escherichia coli, 66 (10.0%); Citrobacter spp., 48 (7.3%); Staphylococcus aureus, 47(7.1%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 34 (5.1%); and Salmonella spp., 33(5.1). The relative prevalence of BSIs changed somewhat over time (p-value < 0.001) with the isolation of multiple isolates trending upward from 2018 and onwards. Additional findings included the likely presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), high frequency of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (37(80.4%) and high rate of resistance to gentamicin (363(62.5%) and fluoroquinolones. Furthermore, the multiple antimicrobial resistances (MAR) index was relatively high (mean = 0.55, SD: ±0.23) with wide species-level variation. In a related density cluster analysis, we demonstrated a time-dependent increase in the diversity of resistotypes.

Conclusion: This study highlights the considerable health burden of AMR/or MDR in BSIs in Eritrea. Additionally, it underscores the urgent need for enhanced laboratory capacity, surveillance, institutionalisation of antibiotic stewardship programs, and robust infection control programs in hospitals across the country. The need for multidisciplinary research was also highlighted.