Future-proofing our ports against biological invasion

Abstract

Ports are growing globally with increases in throughput and associated infrastructure. While increased vessel throughput increases the chance of nonindigenous species (NIS) arriving in a port, the construction of new wharves and jetties increases the space available for their establishment. Here, I review links between ports and NIS and describe methods used to detect and protect from NIS in ports and how new technology can help to future-proof ports from biological invasion. Tools such as eDNA sampling and metabarcoding have the potential to speed up detection and response but suffer from a lack of standardised protocols and are limited by current global databases. Protecting artificial structures from NIS establishment using natural defences such as biological control and growth of native species is promising but remains constrained by port operational requirements. Detecting and protecting against biological invasion in commercial ports will be increasingly important, with capacity expected to double by 2030.