Genetically encoded dopamine sensors: principles, applications, and future directions

Abstract

Dopamine is a crucial neuromodulator involved in various physiological and pathological states. Detecting dopamine dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution serves as a fundamental basis for understanding the multifaceted functions of dopamine. Recently, emerging genetically encoded dopamine fluorescent sensors enable high spatiotemporal resolution in vivo detection of dopamine dynamics within the living brain. Here, we summarize the principles and features of genetically encoded dopamine sensors. We then highlight the advantages of these dopamine sensors through studies that have utilized them. Finally, we present perspectives on future directions for the development of next-generation dopamine sensors.