Counterfactual controlled quantum dialogue protocol

Abstract

Quantum dialogue (QD) is a two-way quantum secure direct communication. Traditional QD protocols rely on transmitting photons through a quantum channel, which can introduce vulnerabilities. This paper presents a counterfactual controlled QD protocol based on entanglement swapping. By employing counterfactual quantum entanglement generation, the protocol facilitates controlled QD without requiring physical particle transfer or prior entanglement between remote participants. This approach significantly enhances the security of QD methods, providing robust resistance against all possible channel-based attacks and ensuring theoretical security.