Finite element analysis predicts a major mechanical role of epicardial adipose tissue in atherosclerotic coronary disease and angioplasty

Abstract

Background

Understanding how atherosclerosis and angioplasty biomechanically affect the coronary artery wall is crucial for comprehending the pathophysiology of this disease and advancing potential treatments. However, acquiring this information experimentally or in vivo presents challenges. To overcome this, different computational methods have been employed. This research assessed the impact of atherosclerosis and angioplasty on the strains of each coronary artery tunic using the finite element method.

Methods

Anatomical data were used to create two three-dimensional models of the left anterior descending coronary artery: one representing a normal artery and the other with concentric atherosclerosis, which included the surrounding epicardial fat tissue (EFT) and the three arterial tunics (e.g., intima, media, and adventitia). Blood pressure was applied to both models, and angioplasty was performed in the atherosclerotic model. The mean maximum principal and minimum principal strains were obtained for each layer in each case, and the impact of EFT was analyzed by comparing the results of including and omitting it. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for EFT stiffness, EFT volume, and blood pressure.

Results

Noteworthy biomechanical alterations were observed in the atherosclerotic model before and after angioplasty, compared to the healthy state. After angioplasty, strains in the media and adventitia layers increased on average by up to fivefold, whereas the intima layer experienced a comparatively lower impact. Similarly, excluding EFT resulted in an average fourfold increase in strains in the tunics of both the healthy and atherosclerotic models. In addition, in both healthy and atherosclerotic models, a rise in blood pressure caused the most significant increase in arterial tunic strains, followed by reduced EFT stiffness and increased EFT volume, in order of impact.

Conclusion

Coronary artery wall strains are significantly altered by atherosclerosis and angioplasty, leading to cellular growth in the media and adventitia layers and subsequent reobstruction of the lumen after the procedure. EFT strongly influences coronary wall biomechanics, with low EFT stiffness and high volume predicted as risk factors for the development and severity of atherosclerosis. However, all the above may be modulated through interventions targeting epicardial adipose tissue.