Multifunctional Roles and Phytopharmacological Potential of Ursolic Acid: an Invaluable Natural Nutraceutical Agent

Abstract

Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is widely distributed in plants and has recently attracted much attention because of its numerous pharmacological characteristics and medicinal uses. This review presents a detailed synopsis of the pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic possibilities of ursolic acid. Ursolic acid exhibits various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antiseptic, liver-protective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. These effects are mediated through multiple molecular pathways, including the modulation of various signaling pathways, inhibition of enzymes, regulation of gene expression, and interaction with cellular receptors. Notably, the anticancer properties of ursolic acid have been thoroughly investigated, and data indicate that it can effectively prevent cancer cells from proliferating, trigger apoptosis, reduce metastasis, and make cancer cells more vulnerable to radiotherapy. In addition, ursolic acid has demonstrated potential in treating obesity and diabetes, which are examples of metabolic disorders characterized by enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced body fat, and dyslipidemia. Ursolic acid represents a prospective option for developing innovative therapeutic drugs to prevent and treat many diseases due to its pleiotropic properties. Nevertheless, additional preclinical and clinical research is necessary to clarify its safety profile, optimal dosage, and potential drug interactions. Enhancing bioavailability and targeted delivery may further improve therapeutic efficacy.