PPORM: A PPO-assisted packet reordering mechanism of heterogeneous VANETs for enhancing goodput and stability in fog computing

IF 5.8 2区 计算机科学 Q1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Xiaoya Zhang , Yuyang Zhang , Ping Dong , Xiaojiang Du , Chengxiao Yu , Hongke Zhang
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Integrated Vehicular Networks (VANETs) constructed through the collaboration of various heterogeneous networks, such as 4G, 5G, satellite networks, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) networks, provide an effective solution to the resource constraints between vehicles and edge fog computing nodes. Reordering Buffer (RB) is crucial in concurrent data transmission between vehicles and edge fog computing nodes via heterogeneous VANETs. RB is in charge of storing out-of-order packets, waiting for packets with smaller sequence numbers, and delivering in-order packets to upper-layer applications. However, current packet reordering mechanisms are challenging in providing stable and high goodput due to the inappropriate timeout timers and uneven delivery rules. In this paper, we propose a PPO-assisted packet reordering mechanism (PPORM) to achieve optimal control of packet delivery. We first transform the goodput maximization problem into the optimal timeout threshold of RB and the optimal delivery moment of each packet. Secondly, we introduce a Proximal Policy Optimization-assisted Timeout Threshold Updating (TTU) algorithm to dynamically adjust the threshold in response to real-time changes in network conditions. Further, we present a Multifactor Smooth Delivery (MSD) algorithm to regulate the optimal queuing delay for each packet and enhance the stability of the real-time throughput as much as possible. Experimental results show that PPORM improves goodput by 6.94%45.57% and improves stability by 32.5%49.58% compared with other baseline algorithms.
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来源期刊
Vehicular Communications
Vehicular Communications Engineering-Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CiteScore
12.70
自引率
10.40%
发文量
88
审稿时长
62 days
期刊介绍: Vehicular communications is a growing area of communications between vehicles and including roadside communication infrastructure. Advances in wireless communications are making possible sharing of information through real time communications between vehicles and infrastructure. This has led to applications to increase safety of vehicles and communication between passengers and the Internet. Standardization efforts on vehicular communication are also underway to make vehicular transportation safer, greener and easier. The aim of the journal is to publish high quality peer–reviewed papers in the area of vehicular communications. The scope encompasses all types of communications involving vehicles, including vehicle–to–vehicle and vehicle–to–infrastructure. The scope includes (but not limited to) the following topics related to vehicular communications: Vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications Channel modelling, modulating and coding Congestion Control and scalability issues Protocol design, testing and verification Routing in vehicular networks Security issues and countermeasures Deployment and field testing Reducing energy consumption and enhancing safety of vehicles Wireless in–car networks Data collection and dissemination methods Mobility and handover issues Safety and driver assistance applications UAV Underwater communications Autonomous cooperative driving Social networks Internet of vehicles Standardization of protocols.
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