Provincial localization framework for SDGs in China: Enhancing support for sustainable governance

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a globally accepted set of objectives, whose success heavily relies on localized implementation. Despite broad consensus, there is a notable lack of structured methodologies for assessing SDG integration at the local level. To address the knowledge gap, we proposed a novel framework for evaluating SDG integration at the provincial level, supported by an in-depth analysis of Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2021. Our framework allows for a more nuanced assessment by selecting regionally aligned indicators, establishing clear benchmarks, and evaluating SDG performance across multiple dimensions. A key finding is the necessity of utilizing at least three distinct indicators to capture the complexity of each SDG. Moreover, our approach—combining average targets with regional equity considerations—produces more consistent and meaningful results for local governance. By 2015, China's provincial SDG implementation surpassed key milestones, but regressions were observed in SDG12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG13 (climate action), SDG14 (life below water), and SDG15 (life on land), underscoring the need for renewed efforts. This research distinguishes itself by offering a localized, equity-driven assessment model that provides fresh insights into SDG progress, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring at sub-national levels and the need for tailored policy interventions to address regional disparities in sustainable development.