Shadow images of Ghosh-Kumar rotating black hole illuminated by spherical light sources and thin accretion disks

Abstract

This study investigates the astronomical implications of the Ghosh-Kumar rotating Black Hole (BH), particularly its behaviour on shadow images, illuminated by celestial light sources and equatorial thin accretion disks. Our research delineates a crucial correlation between dynamics of the shadow images and the parameters a, q and the ${\theta }_{obs}$, which aptly reflect the influence of the model parameters on the optical features of shadow images. Initially, elevated behaviour of both a and q transforms the geometry of the shadow images from perfect circles to an oval shape and converges them towards the centre of the screen. By imposing the backward ray-tracing method, we demonstrate the optical appearance of shadow images of the considering BH space-time in the celestial light source. The results demonstrate that the Einstein ring shows a transition from an axisymmetric closed circle to an arc-like shape on the screen as well as producing the deformation on the shadow shape with the modifications of space-time parameters at the fixed observational position. Next, we observe that the attributes of accretion disks along with the relevant parameters on the shadow images are illuminated by both prograde and retrograde accreting flow. Our study reveals the process by which the accretion disk transitions from a disk-like structure to a hat-like shape with the aid of observational angles. Moreover, with an increase of q, the observed flux of both direct and lensed images of the accretion disk gradually moves towards the lower zone of the screen. Furthermore, we present the intensity distribution of the red-shift factors on the screen. Our analysis suggests that the observer can see both red-shift and blue-shift factors on the screen at higher observational angles, while augmenting the values of both a and q, enhancing the effect of red-shift on the screen.