Ferromagnetism in In2O3-based nanostructures: A review on structure, shape, electronic structure, magnetic properties, DFT modeling and applications

Abstract

In₂O₃ is extensively studied as a wide-band gap semiconductor because of its numerous uses in spintronics and optoelectronics devices. Recently, researchers have primarily focused on fine-tuning the functional characteristics of nanoscale In₂O₃ semiconductors by manipulating their size, shape, and the local microenvironment of dopants. In this review, we highlight the decisive investigation of structure–property correlation, shape-dependent, and doping-induced magnetic properties of In₂O₃ nanostructures. First, we critically discussed the various synthesis methods utilized to prepare the different In₂O₃-based nanostructures. We then systematically investigated the impact of different shapes of In₂O_3, including nanoparticles (0D), nanowires/nanorods (1D/2D), 3D nanoflowers, and thin film structures on the magnetic characteristics. In addition to pristine In₂O₃, we emphasize the recent advances in the stimulus of metal incorporation on shape and magnetic features of In₂O₃ were investigated. The electronic band structure and magnetic properties of pure and metal-substituted In₂O₃ were analyzed using density functional theory. A distinctive section is dedicated to the growth mechanism of In₂O₃ nanostructures, the basis of ferromagnetism, and some relevant technological applications. Finally, a brief outlook and challenges were discussed on realizing the basis and switching of ferromagnetism.