Exploring the influence of sports betting on academic performance among students in higher learning institutions in Tanzania

Abstract

Despite gambling contributing significantly to the economies of many countries, especially in developing nations, its impact on students' academic performance and productivity is profound. This study examines the determinants and effects of sports betting on academic performance among higher learning students in Tanzania, focusing on Mzumbe University, Saint Augustine University, and the University of Dodoma. Using logistic regression, instrumental variable models, structural equation modeling (SEM), and the Relative Importance Index (RII), the study identifies key factors influencing betting engagement, including year of study, parental occupation, university residency, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behaviors, and proximity to gambling outlets. SEM results reveal that students’ behaviors significantly affect betting decisions, which in turn negatively impact academic performance. RII analysis highlights subjective norms as the strongest motivator for betting, followed by mimetic pressure and normative pressure, while financial motivations and attitudes play a comparatively smaller role. The study concludes that sports betting negatively affects students’ academic performance and recommends targeted interventions. These include implementing financial literacy programs to teach effective budgeting and saving strategies, creating campus-based part-time work opportunities and internships, expanding student loan schemes, and enhancing family-level support programs. Such efforts are essential to equip students with healthier financial management options and reduce the negative impact of gambling on academic success.