An investigation of supervised machine learning models for predicting drivers’ ethical decisions in autonomous vehicles

Abstract

Vehicle-pedestrian interactions in autonomous vehicles (AVs) present complex challenges that require advanced decision-making algorithms. Understanding the factors influencing ethical decision-making (EDM) in critical situations is essential as AVs become more prevalent. This study addresses a gap in AV research by using predictive analytics methods to develop models that assess decision-making outcomes under varying time pressures. We recruited 204 participants from North America, aged 18-30 years and 65 years and above, for an online experiment. Participants viewed video clips from a driving simulator that simulated ethical dilemmas. They had to decide whether the AV should stay in its lane or change lanes by pressing the spacebar. The principal component analysis identified age, distraction, and trust in automation as the key factors influencing decision-making. Several machine learning models were optimized to predict decision outcomes, with the Gaussian Naive Bayes model demonstrating strong performance across different time pressures. Feature importance analysis highlighted the significant roles of age and trust in automation. Partial dependence plots illustrated the interaction between these factors and their influence on decision-making outcomes under time constraints. These findings contribute to the development of personalized decision-making algorithms for AVs. Predictive analytics provides valuable insights into improving AV systems’ safety, trust, and ethical behavior by accounting for individual differences in decision-making.