Understanding and mitigating adverse biological responses resulting from β-casomorphin-7: Strategies, challenges, and future directions – A review

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological effects associated with β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) consumption, focusing on mitigation strategies, challenges, and future research opportunities. BCM-7, a peptide derived from the digestion of specific variants of β-casein A1 and A2 found in cow's milk, is linked to a range of health issues primarily due to its interaction with μ-opioid receptors. During digestion, if BCM-7 crosses the intestinal barrier, impacting neurological, gastrointestinal, and immune functions. This review examines the mechanisms underlying BCM-7 formation, including the influence of industrial processes such as pasteurization and fermentation, with particular attention to the β-casein A1 and A2 variants. The reduced potential of β-casein A2 to generate BCM-7 is highlighted, supporting its growing recognition as a healthier alternative. Mitigation strategies discussed include genetic selection for cattle producing β-casein A2 milk and innovative milk processing methods targeting BCM-7 reduction. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation using lactic acid bacteria are emphasized as effective approaches, albeit with economic and technical challenges. Emerging technologies and bioinformatics tools offer the potential to refine peptide profiling and predict allergenic and bioactive characteristics. While substantial progress has been made, continued research is essential to deepen understanding of BCM-7's impact on health and develop precise mitigation strategies.