Highly turbid and eutrophic small water bodies in West Africa well identified by a CNN U-Net algorithm

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Mathilde de Fleury , Manuela Grippa , Martin Brandt , Rasmus Fensholt , Florian Reiner , Gyula Maté Kovacs , Laurent Kergoat
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Although high-resolution multispectral optical imagery is increasingly being used to monitor continental surface waters more easily than ever before, there are still limitations to the methods used to extract water bodies. Detecting water becomes particularly difficult in the presence of aquatic vegetation or trees, or when spectral variations across the water surface are high. These limitations pose significant challenges in West Africa, where such cases are numerous, hindering the application of widely used methods and leading to a reduced quality of various existing datasets. As a result, the region lacks comprehensive information on the number of water bodies, their surface area, their spatial distribution and their typology. In this study, we propose a method based on a convolutional neural network based on a U-net architecture, which we apply to images from the Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument acquired in November 2020 and March 2018, corresponding to the maximum and minimum water area extent during the 2016–2020 period. We observe a much larger number of lakes than in current datasets, a large proportion of which are small and temporary. Overall, 29,265 water bodies were classified in November 2020 and 8,093 in March 2018 over an area of 1,340,450 km2 in the central Sahel, with sizes ranging from 0.002 km2 to 1,162 km2. In addition, a wide diversity of optical water types was found across the water bodies: hypereutrophic water bodies dominate, accounting for 67.9% in November 2020, followed by very turbid water bodies representing 26.1%. The Convolutional Neural Network U-Net algorithm successfully identified water bodies with aquatic vegetation or obscured by trees, as well as extremely turbid small lakes and reservoirs, which are often missing in global datasets. Such improved mapping capability has important implications for the monitoring of water resources and water quality, which are pivotal for the livelihoods of the region.

Abstract Image

CNN U-Net算法很好地识别了西非的高浑浊和富营养化小水体
尽管越来越多的高分辨率多光谱光学图像比以往任何时候都更容易用于监测大陆地表水,但用于提取水体的方法仍然存在局限性。在有水生植物或树木的情况下,或者在水面的光谱变化很大的情况下,探测水变得特别困难。这些限制在西非构成了重大挑战,在那里此类病例很多,阻碍了广泛使用的方法的应用,并导致各种现有数据集的质量下降。因此,该地区缺乏关于水体数量、表面积、空间分布和类型的综合信息。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种基于U-net架构的卷积神经网络方法,并将其应用于Sentinel-2多光谱仪在2020年11月和2018年3月获取的图像,对应2016-2020年期间的最大和最小水域范围。我们观察到的湖泊数量比目前的数据集要多得多,其中很大一部分是小的和临时的。总体而言,2020年11月对29,265个水体进行了分类,2018年3月对8,093个水体进行了分类,面积为1,340,450平方公里,面积从0.002平方公里到1,162平方公里不等。此外,在水体中发现了广泛的光学水类型:超富营养化水体占主导地位,占2020年11月的67.9%,其次是非常浑浊的水体,占26.1%。卷积神经网络U-Net算法成功地识别了有水生植被或被树木遮挡的水体,以及在全球数据集中经常缺失的极其浑浊的小湖泊和水库。这种改进的制图能力对监测水资源和水质具有重要意义,这对该地区的生计至关重要。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
8.50%
发文量
204
审稿时长
65 days
期刊介绍: The journal ''Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment'' (RSASE) focuses on remote sensing studies that address specific topics with an emphasis on environmental and societal issues - regional / local studies with global significance. Subjects are encouraged to have an interdisciplinary approach and include, but are not limited by: " -Global and climate change studies addressing the impact of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, CO2 emission, carbon balance and carbon mitigation, energy system on social and environmental systems -Ecological and environmental issues including biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, land degradation, atmospheric and water pollution, urban footprint, ecosystem management and natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, typhoons, floods, landslides) -Natural resource studies including land-use in general, biomass estimation, forests, agricultural land, plantation, soils, coral reefs, wetland and water resources -Agriculture, food production systems and food security outcomes -Socio-economic issues including urban systems, urban growth, public health, epidemics, land-use transition and land use conflicts -Oceanography and coastal zone studies, including sea level rise projections, coastlines changes and the ocean-land interface -Regional challenges for remote sensing application techniques, monitoring and analysis, such as cloud screening and atmospheric correction for tropical regions -Interdisciplinary studies combining remote sensing, household survey data, field measurements and models to address environmental, societal and sustainability issues -Quantitative and qualitative analysis that documents the impact of using remote sensing studies in social, political, environmental or economic systems
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