Sexual identity, sexual behavior, and drug use behaviors among people who use drugs in the rural U.S.

Abstract

Introduction

People who use drugs (PWUD) are at risk of HIV infection, but the frequency and distribution of transmission-associated behaviors within rural communities is not well understood. Further, while interventions designed to more explicitly affirm individuals' sexual orientation and behaviors may be more effective, descriptions of behavior variability by orientation are lacking. We sought to describe how disease transmission behaviors and overdose risk vary by sexual orientation and activity among rural PWUD.

Methods

From 01/2018–03/2020, rural PWUD participating in the Rural Opioid Initiative were surveyed across 8 sites. Collected data included: demographics; experiences with drug use, overdose, and healthcare; stigma; gender identity; and sexual orientation and partners. Participants were categorized as: monosexual by orientation and behavior (Mono-only), monosexual by orientation but behaviorally bisexual (Mono/Bi), and bisexual by orientation (Bi+). Analyses included descriptive summaries, bivariate examination (chi-square), and logistic regression (relative risk [RR] and 95 % confidence interval [CI]).

Results

The 1455 participants were 84.8 % Mono-only, 3.2 % Mono/Bi, and 12.0 % Bi+. Compared to Mono-only men, Mono/Bi and Bi+ men had greater risk of transactional sex (RR = 9.71, CI = 6.66–14.2 and RR = 5.09, CI = 2.79–9.27, respectively) and sharing syringes for injection (RR = 1.58, CI = 1.06–2.35 and RR = 1.85, CI = 1.38–2.47). Compared to Mono-only women, Mono-Bi and Bi+ women had greater risk of transactional sex (RR = 4.47, CI = 2.68–7.47 and RR = 2.63, CI = 1.81–3.81); and Bi+ women had greater risk of sharing syringes for injection (RR = 1.49, CI = 1.23–1.81), sharing syringes to mix drugs (RR = 1.44, CI = 1.23–1.69), and experiencing an overdose (RR = 1.32, CI = 1.12–1.56). Bi+ men and women both more frequently reported selling sex as a source of income (versus Mono-only, both p < 0.050) and measures of perceived stigma (all p < 0.050).

Conclusions

Rural PWUD who are bisexual by orientation or behavior are significantly more likely to engage in behaviors associated with infectious disease transmission and to experience stigma and drug overdose. Given the growing recognition of bisexuality as a distinct orientation that warrants individualized consideration, interventions that are specifically acknowledging and affirming to the circumstances of this group are needed.