Genome skimming for improved phylogenetics of Taiwanese phasmids (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

Abstract

Taiwan, a relatively young continental island, harbors a high proportion of endemic phasmids, reflecting its unique evolutionary history. However, a comprehensive phylogenetic framework to clarify these phasmids is still lacking. In this study, we sequenced ten of eleven valid genera and two undescribed species of Taiwanese phasmids (total 16 species) using the genome-skimming approach. We also integrated these sequences with public databases to create two aligned datasets: one comprising 92 taxa (mitogenomes) and the other 606 taxa (seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes), enabling us to examine their phylogenetic relationships using longer sequences and more samples. Our analyses show that Taiwanese phasmids should be categorized into six families, with a revised number of genera to 13. Furthermore, four species require taxonomic treatments: namely Micadina honei (Günther, 1940) comb. nov., Micadina truncatum (Shiraki, 1935) comb. nov., Otraleus okunii (Shiraki, 1935) comb. nov., and Ramulus granulatus (Shiraki, 1935) syn. nov. now recognized as Ramulus artemis (Westwood, 1859). While some Taiwanese genera exhibit polyphyletic relationships, our findings highlight the importance of taxon sampling, particularly for type species in resolving these systematic issues. The genome-skimming approach has proven to be an excellent method for producing comparable sequence datasets, facilitating the investigation of highly diverse insects, even when samples are old, small, or have highly fragmented DNAs.