Opportunistic assessment of steatotic liver disease in lung cancer screening eligible individuals

Abstract

Background

Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is a potentially reversible condition but often goes unnoticed with the risk for end-stage liver disease.

Purpose

To opportunistically estimate SLD on lung screening chest computed tomography (CT) and investigate its prognostic value in heavy smokers participating in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST).

Material and methods

We used a deep learning model to segment the liver on non-contrast-enhanced chest CT scans of 19,774 NLST participants (age 61.4 ± 5.0 years; 41.2% female) at baseline and on the 1-year follow-up scan if no cancer was detected. SLD was defined as hepatic fat fraction (HFF) ≥5% derived from Hounsfield unit measures of the segmented liver. Participants with SLD were categorized as lean (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m²) and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazard regression assessed the association between (1) SLD and mortality at baseline and (2) the association between a change in HFF and mortality within 1 year.

Results

There were 5.1% (1000/19,760) all-cause deaths over a median follow-up of 6 (range, 0.8–6) years. At baseline, SLD was associated with increased mortality in lean but not in overweight/obese participants as compared to participants without SLD (hazard ratio [HR] adjusted for risk factors: 1.93 [95% confidence interval 1.52–2.45]; p = 0.001). Individuals with an increase in HFF within 1 year had a significantly worse outcome than participants with stable HFF (HR adjusted for risk factors: 1.29 [1.01–1.65]; p = 0.04).

Conclusion

SLD is an independent predictor for long-term mortality in heavy smokers beyond known clinical risk factors.