In-situ engineering of centralized mesopores and edge nitrogen for porous carbons toward zinc ion hybrid capacitors.

Abstract

Porous carbons with large surface area (>3000 m²/g) and heteroatom dopants have shown great promise as electrode materials for zinc ion hybrid capacitors. Centralized mesopores are effective to accelerate kinetics, and edge nitrogen can efficiently enhance pseudocapacitive capability. It is a great challenge to engineer centralized mesopores and edge nitrogen in large-surface-area porous carbons. Herein, a strategy of melamine-boosted K₂CO₃ activation is proposed to prepare edge-nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons (ENHPCs). KOCN generated by K₂CO₃ reacting cyano groups (-CN) couples with K₂CO₃ activation engineers large-surface-area porous carbon. KCN in-situ generated by KOCN etching carbon atoms plays a template role in constructing centralized mesopores. Edge-nitrogen skeleton is formed by g-C₃N₄ losing -CN, and then in-situ integrated into porous carbon skeleton. The efficiency of melamine-boosted K₂CO₃ activation reaches the highest at a melamine/lignin mass ratio of 0.5, where the optimized ENHPCs (ENHPC-0.5) have a large surface area of 3122 m²/g, a mesopore architecture (2.8 nm) with a mesoporosity of 60.5 % and a moderate edge-N content of 1.9 at.%. ENHPC-0.5 cathode displays a high capacitance of 350F/g at 0.1 A/g, an excellent rate capability of 129F/g at 20 A/g and a robust cycling life. This work provides a novel strategy to prepare heteroatom-doped high-surface-area porous carbons for zinc ion hybrid capacitors.