Genetic differentiation in the MAT-proximal region is not sufficient for suppressing recombination in Podospora anserina.

Abstract

Recombination is advantageous over the long-term, as it allows efficient selection and purging deleterious mutations. Nevertheless, recombination suppression has repeatedly evolved in sex and mating-type chromosomes. The evolutionary causes for recombination suppression and the proximal mechanisms preventing crossing overs are poorly understood. Several hypotheses have recently been suggested based on theoretical models, and in particular that divergence could accumulate neutrally around a sex-determining region and reduce recombination rates, a self-reinforcing process that could foster progressive extension of recombination suppression. We used the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina for investigating these questions: a 0.8 Mbp region around its mating-type locus is non-recombining, despite being collinear between the two mating types. This fungus is mostly selfing, resulting in highly homozygous individuals, except in the non-recombining region around the mating-type locus that displays differentiation between mating types. Here, we test the hypothesis that sequence divergence alone is responsible for recombination cessation. We replaced the mat- idiomorph by the sequence of the mat+ idiomorph, to obtain a strain that is sexually compatible with the mat- reference strain and isogenic to this strain in the MAT-proximal region. Crosses showed that recombination was still suppressed in the MAT-proximal region in the mutant strains, indicating that other proximal mechanisms than inversions or mere sequence divergence are responsible for recombination suppression in this fungus. This finding suggests that selective mechanisms likely acted for suppressing recombination, or the spread of epigenetic marks, as the neutral model based on mere nucleotide divergence does not seem to hold in P. anserina.