Strengthened d–p orbital hybridization and hydrogen diffusion in a hollow N-doped porous carbon/Ru cluster catalyst system for hydrogen evolution reactions†

Abstract

Developing advanced catalysts with rapid hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics in alkaline media is vital for hydrogen production. Through the d–p orbital hybridization effect, the electronic structure and H* adsorption can be optimized on metal species. Herein, a N-doped hollow carbon (H-NPC)-supported Ru cluster (c-Ru@H-NPC) catalyst was constructed via carbonization of well-defined hollow metal–organic frameworks, followed by etching and anchoring of Ru clusters. The hollow structure could not alter the coordination number of Ru while exhibiting higher-level electron transfer, thereby strengthening the orbital hybridization. Additionally, finite element simulations indicated the acceleration of H₂ diffusion for hollow structures. Furthermore, the N-doping strengthened the electron interaction of Ru–C by the d–p hybridization effect, which was confirmed by theoretical calculations and in situ Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, in alkaline/alkaline seawater media, c-Ru@H-NPC needed only 10/12 mV overpotentials and 1.52/1.55 V cell voltages to drive the HER and overall water splitting, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², exhibiting outstanding catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the attenuation of current density was very small towards successive stability tests for >55 h at 10 mA cm⁻². This work permits new insights into the design of high-performance metal cluster catalysts for the HER and other conversion reactions.