[Perioperative management of obese patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty].

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a worldwide growing health crisis, affecting younger and younger age groups and posing new challenges for arthroplasty. Due to increased complication rates in this population, many authors are of the opinion that in patients with a body mass index (BMI) of over 40, the problems outweigh the benefits of surgery and that surgery should be postponed until significant weight reduction has been achieved.

Materials and methods: A systematic review of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library) was performed. 49 relevant articles were analyzed. Pre-defined questions were answered based on the literature. The level of evidence for the recommendation was defined in a consensus meeting.

Results: Obese patients with a BMI ≥ 30 have an up to threefold increased perioperative risk, particularly for infections and mechanical complications. In addition, surgery in obese patients is technically demanding, which results in a higher risk of implant malpositioning. Despite these risks, obese patients benefit from surgery in a similar way compared to normal-weight patients, showing comparable improvements in function and quality of life. Preoperative weight loss can reduce the risk but should be long-term to avoid negative metabolic effects. Bariatric surgery and drug therapies can help, but their effects on perioperative risk are unclear. Besides the BMI, careful diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities is crucial.

Conclusion: Obese patients benefit from arthroplasty in a similar way to normal-weight patients but have a higher risk of complications, particularly infection. Prior to joint replacement, patients with a BMI of 40 or more should undergo dietary counselling and weight reduction; their metabolic status should be checked, as malnutrition can increase the risk. If weight reduction is not achieved despite these measures, the operation can be performed with increased risks, whereby the patient should be fully informed and involved in the decision-making process.