Enhanced suppression of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by a three-phage cocktail: genomic insights and kinetic profiling.

Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an understudied, gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is widespread in the environment and increasingly a cause of opportunistic infections. Treating S. maltophilia remains difficult, leading to an increase in disease severity and higher hospitalization rates in people with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and other immunocompromised health conditions. The lack of effective antibiotics has led to renewed interest in phage therapy; however, there remains a great need for well-characterized phages, especially against S. maltophilia. In response to an oncology patient with a sepsis infection, we collected 18 phages from Southern California wastewater influent that exhibit different plaque morphology against S. maltophilia host strain B28B. We hypothesized that, when combined into a cocktail, genetically diverse phages would give rise to distinct lytic infection kinetics that would enhance bacterial killing when compared to the individual phages alone. We identified three genetically distinct clusters of phages, and a representative from each group was further investigated and screened for potential therapeutic use. The results demonstrated that the three-phage cocktail significantly suppressed bacterial growth compared with individual phages when observed for 48 h. We also assessed the lytic impacts of our three-phage cocktail against a collection of 46 S. maltophilia strains to determine if a multi-phage cocktail has an expanded host range. Our phages remained strain-specific and infected >50% of tested strains. In six clinically relevant S. maltophilia strains, the multi-phage cocktail has enhanced suppression of bacterial growth. These findings suggest that specialized phage cocktails may be an effective avenue of treatment for recalcitrant S. maltophilia infections resistant to current antibiotics.