Ruminant-dense environments increase risk of reported Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections independently of ruminant contact.

Abstract

Cattle and other domestic ruminants are the primary reservoirs of O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Living in areas with high ruminant density has been associated with excess risk of infection, which could be due to both direct ruminant contact and residual environmental risk, but the role of each is unclear. We investigated whether there is any meaningful risk to individuals living in ruminant-dense areas if they do not have direct contact with ruminants. Using a Bayesian spatial framework, we investigated the association between the density of ruminants on feedlots and STEC incidence in Minnesota from 2010 to 2019, stratified by serogroup and season, and adjusting for direct ruminant contact. For every additional head of cattle or sheep per 10 acres, the incidence of O157 STEC infection increased by 30% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.30; 95% credible interval [CrI] 1.18, 1.42) or 135% (IRR 2.35; 95% CrI 1.14, 4.20), respectively, during the summer months. Sheep density was also associated with O157 STEC risk during winter (IRR 4.28; 95% CrI 1.40, 8.92). The risk of non-O157 STEC infection was only elevated in areas with goat operations during summer (IRR 19.6; 95% CrI 1.69, 78.8). STEC risk associated with ruminant density was independent of direct ruminant contact across serogroups and seasons. Our findings demonstrate that living in a ruminant-dense area increases an individual's risk of O157 and non-O157 STEC infection even without direct ruminant contact, indicating that prevention efforts need to extend to community strategies for averting indirect transmission from local ruminant populations.IMPORTANCEShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic enteric bacteria responsible for 2.5 million illnesses each year. Infections in young children can be especially devastating, causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a debilitating and sometimes fatal form of acute kidney injury. STEC's primary reservoirs are cattle and other domestic ruminants, and transmission can occur through food, water, animal contact, and person-to-person. Living near ruminants poses a significant risk of STEC infection; however, the proportion of that risk due to direct ruminant contact or other routes of transmission is unknown. Our research demonstrates that direct ruminant contact is a substantial risk irrespective of location, and that individuals living in ruminant-rich regions are at high risk of STEC infection regardless of whether they come into contact with ruminants. These findings indicate a need for multi-pronged prevention efforts that emphasize control of contamination in the environments surrounding ruminant populations, in addition to biosafety precautions when contacting ruminants directly.