A library of proton lineal energy spectra spanning the full range of clinically relevant energies

Abstract

Purpose

In locations where the proton energy spectrum is broad, lineal energy spectrum-based proton biological effects models may be more accurate than dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET_d) based models. However, the development of microdosimetric spectrum-based biological effects models is hampered by the extreme computational difficulty of calculating microdosimetric spectra. Given a precomputed library of lineal energy spectra for monoenergetic protons, a weighted summation can be performed which yields the lineal energy spectrum of an arbitrary polyenergetic beam. Using this approach, lineal energy spectra can be rapidly calculated on a voxel-by-voxel level.

Acquisition and Validation Methods

Monoenergetic proton tracks generated using Geant4-DNA were imported into SuperTrack, a GPU-accelerated software for calculation of microdosimetric spectra. Libraries of proton lineal energy spectra which span the energy range of 0–300 MeV were computed. The libraries were validated by comparison to Monte Carlo calculations in the literature, as well as lineal energy spectra measured experimentally with a tissue equivalent proportional counter.

Data Format and Usage Notes

The lineal energy libraries have been made available in three data formats, two are plain-text, .csv and .les, and one binary encoded, root. Library files include the lineal energy bin abscissa in keV per micron and the unnormalized number of counts occurring within that bin. A computational technique for summation of the library files to yield the lineal energy of a polyenergetic beam is described in this work.

Potential Applications

The lineal energy libraries can be used to rapidly determine the lineal energy spectra at the location of cell cultures for in-vitro experiments and in each voxel of a treatment plan for in-vivo outcome modelling. These libraries have already been incorporated into RayStation 2023B-IonPG for lineal energy spectra calculation and we anticipate they will be incorporated into further dose calculation engines and Monte Carlo toolkits.