The Exposome, Social Determinants, and Environmental Pollution: Comprehensive Cardiovascular Risk in Women.

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant global health concern for women, influenced by a complex interplay of social, economic, and environmental factors. This article examines cardiovascular risk through the lens of the exposome, which encompasses all environmental exposures from conception onward, including pollution, diet, and chronic stress. Social determinants such as socioeconomic status (SES), education, and stress management play crucial roles in shaping women's cardiovascular health. Lower SES and education are associated with greater exposure to adverse living conditions, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare, increasing the risk of CVD. Environmental pollution, particularly air pollution and climate-related changes, further exacerbates cardiovascular risk by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, gender-specific factors, such as pregnancy and menopause, interact with the exposome, heightening the vulnerability of women to cardiovascular risks over their lifetime. Addressing these risk factors requires a comprehensive approach, incorporating public health strategies that focus on reducing pollution, improving food security, and mitigating social inequalities. By addressing the cumulative and interacting exposures that contribute to cardiovascular disease, especially in women, more effective prevention strategies can be developed to improve long-term health outcomes.