Emily Lupton Lupez, Steffie Woolhandler, David U Himmelstein, Samuel Dickman, Elizabeth Schrier, Lenore S Azaroff, Chris Cai, Danny McCormick
{"title":"Cross-Sectional Evaluation of State-Level Protections, Medical Debt, and Deferred Care Among Sexual and Gender Minority People.","authors":"Emily Lupton Lupez, Steffie Woolhandler, David U Himmelstein, Samuel Dickman, Elizabeth Schrier, Lenore S Azaroff, Chris Cai, Danny McCormick","doi":"10.1007/s11606-024-09258-9","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Millions of Americans have medical debt and/or defer care due to cost. Few studies have examined the association of such health-related financial problems with sexual orientation or gender identity, and whether state-level policies protecting sexual and gender minority (SGM) people affect disparities in such problems.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the relationships between SGM status, state-level SGM protections, and health-related financial problems.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional analysis.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults in the 2021 National Financial Capability Study.</p><p><strong>Main measures: </strong>Prevalence of medical debt and/or deferred care; adjusted odds ratios (aORs) by SGM status and residence in a state with fewer SGM protections.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Of 25,170 survey respondents, 3.7% were gay/bisexual men, 4.3% lesbian/bisexual women, and 0.6% transgender people. Among lesbian/bisexual women, 39.4% had medical debt, the highest proportion of any group. Accounting for sociodemographic and personal-financial factors, women and all lesbian/gay/bisexual persons (vs. straight men) more often experienced medical debt (aOR [95% CI]: straight women 1.28 [1.16, 1.41], gay/bisexual men 1.55 [1.23, 1.94], lesbian/bisexual women 1.80 [1.50, 2.10]) or deferred care (e.g., 1.80 [1.51, 2.16] for lesbian/bisexual women). Transgender people vs. cisgender men were more likely to defer care (aOR = 2.58 [1.54, 4.30]). Living in a state with fewer SGM protections was associated with higher rates of health-related financial problems for most groups, especially cisgender women and lesbian/bisexual women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lesbian/gay/bisexual, female, and transgender adults experience more health-related financial problems, especially in states lacking SGM protections, underlining the importance of universal, comprehensive insurance coverage (including for services unique to SGM people), ending bans on gender-affirming care, and closing the male-female pay gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":15860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Internal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1859-1868"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12119396/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of General Internal Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-024-09258-9","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Millions of Americans have medical debt and/or defer care due to cost. Few studies have examined the association of such health-related financial problems with sexual orientation or gender identity, and whether state-level policies protecting sexual and gender minority (SGM) people affect disparities in such problems.
Objective: To examine the relationships between SGM status, state-level SGM protections, and health-related financial problems.
Design: Cross-sectional analysis.
Participants: Nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults in the 2021 National Financial Capability Study.
Main measures: Prevalence of medical debt and/or deferred care; adjusted odds ratios (aORs) by SGM status and residence in a state with fewer SGM protections.
Key results: Of 25,170 survey respondents, 3.7% were gay/bisexual men, 4.3% lesbian/bisexual women, and 0.6% transgender people. Among lesbian/bisexual women, 39.4% had medical debt, the highest proportion of any group. Accounting for sociodemographic and personal-financial factors, women and all lesbian/gay/bisexual persons (vs. straight men) more often experienced medical debt (aOR [95% CI]: straight women 1.28 [1.16, 1.41], gay/bisexual men 1.55 [1.23, 1.94], lesbian/bisexual women 1.80 [1.50, 2.10]) or deferred care (e.g., 1.80 [1.51, 2.16] for lesbian/bisexual women). Transgender people vs. cisgender men were more likely to defer care (aOR = 2.58 [1.54, 4.30]). Living in a state with fewer SGM protections was associated with higher rates of health-related financial problems for most groups, especially cisgender women and lesbian/bisexual women.
Conclusions: Lesbian/gay/bisexual, female, and transgender adults experience more health-related financial problems, especially in states lacking SGM protections, underlining the importance of universal, comprehensive insurance coverage (including for services unique to SGM people), ending bans on gender-affirming care, and closing the male-female pay gap.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of General Internal Medicine is the official journal of the Society of General Internal Medicine. It promotes improved patient care, research, and education in primary care, general internal medicine, and hospital medicine. Its articles focus on topics such as clinical medicine, epidemiology, prevention, health care delivery, curriculum development, and numerous other non-traditional themes, in addition to classic clinical research on problems in internal medicine.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
