Efficient Cytosolic Delivery of Single-Chain Polymeric Artificial Enzymes for Intracellular Catalysis and Chemo-Dynamic Therapy

Abstract

Designing artificial enzymes for in vivo catalysis presents a great challenge due to biomacromolecule contamination, poor biodistribution, and insufficient substrate interaction. Herein, we developed single-chain polymeric nanoparticles with Cu/N-heterocyclic carbene active sites (SCNP-Cu) to function as peroxidase mimics for in vivo catalysis and chemo-dynamic therapy (CDT). Compared with the enzyme mimics based on unfolded linear polymer scaffold and multichain cross-linked scaffold, SCNP-Cu exhibits improved tumor accumulation and CDT efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Protein-like size of the SCNP scaffold promotes passive diffusion, whereas positive surface charge allows its active transcytosis for deep tumor penetration and hence accumulation in the tumor site. The submolecular compartments of the SCNP scaffold effectively protect the active sites from protein bindings, thereby providing a “cleaner” microenvironment for catalysis within a living system. The folded structure of SCNP-Cu facilitates their cytosolic delivery of and free diffusion within cytosol, ensuring efficient contact with endogenous H₂O₂, in situ generation of toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and effective damage of intracellular targets (i.e., lipids, nucleic acids). This work establishes versatile SCNP-based nanoplatforms for developing artificial enzymes for in vivo catalysis.