On the vector subspaces of $$\mathbb {F}_{2^n}$$ over which the multiplicative inverse function sums to zero

Abstract

We study the behavior of the multiplicative inverse function (which plays an important role in cryptography and in the study of finite fields), with respect to a recently introduced generalization of almost perfect nonlinearity (APNness), called kth-order sum-freedom, that extends a classic characterization of APN functions, and has also some relationship with integral attacks. This generalization corresponds to the fact that a vectorial function \(F:\mathbb {F}_2^n\mapsto \mathbb {F}_2^m\) sums to a nonzero value over every k-dimensional affine subspace of \(\mathbb {F}_2^n\), for some \(k\le n\) (APNness corresponds to \(k=2\)). The sum of the values of the inverse function \(x\in \mathbb {F}_{2^n}\mapsto x^{2^n-2}\in \mathbb {F}_{2^n}\) over any affine subspace A of \(\mathbb {F}_{2^n}\) not containing 0 (i.e. being not a vector space) has been addressed, thanks to a simple expression of such sum, which shows that it never vanishes. We study in the present paper the case of vector (i.e. linear) subspaces, which is much less simple to handle. The sum depends on a coefficient in subspace polynomials. We study for which values of k the multiplicative inverse function can sum to nonzero values over all k-dimensional vector subspaces. We show that, for every k not co-prime with n, it sums to zero over at least one k-dimensional \(\mathbb {F}_2\)-subspace of \(\mathbb {F}_{2^n}\). We study the behavior of the inverse function over direct sums of vector spaces and we deduce that the property of the inverse function to be kth-order sum-free happens for k if and only if it happens for \(n-k\). We derive several other results and we show that the set of values k such that the inverse function is not kth-order sum-free is stable when adding two values of k whose product is smaller than n (and when subtracting two values under some conditions). We clarify the case of dimension at most 4 (equivalently, of co-dimension at most 4) and this allows to address, for every n, all small enough values of k of the form \(3a+4b\).