A Pan-RAS Inhibitor with a Unique Mechanism of Action Blocks Tumor Growth and Induces Antitumor Immunity in Gastrointestinal Cancer

Abstract

RAS is a common driver of cancer that was considered undruggable for decades. Recent advances have enabled the development of RAS inhibitors, but the efficacy of these inhibitors remains limited by resistance. Here, we developed a pan-RAS inhibitor, ADT-007, that binds nucleotide-free RAS to block GTP activation of effector interactions and MAPK/AKT signaling, resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis. ADT-007 potently inhibited the growth of RAS mutant cancer cells irrespective of the RAS mutation or isozyme, and RASWT cancer cells with GTP-activated RAS from upstream mutations were equally sensitive. Conversely, RASWT cancer cells harboring downstream BRAF mutations and normal cells were essentially insensitive to ADT-007. Sensitivity of cancer cells to ADT-007 required activated RAS and dependence on RAS for proliferation, while insensitivity was attributed to metabolic deactivation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases that were expressed in RASWT and normal cells but repressed in RAS mutant cancer cells. ADT-007 displayed unique advantages over KRAS mutant-specific, pan-KRAS, and pan-RAS inhibitors that could impact in vivo antitumor efficacy by escaping compensatory mechanisms that lead to resistance. Local administration of ADT-007 showed robust antitumor activity in syngeneic immune-competent and xenogeneic immune-deficient mouse models of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The antitumor activity of ADT-007 was associated with the suppression of MAPK signaling and activation of innate and adaptive immunity in the tumor immune microenvironment. Oral administration of ADT-007 prodrug also inhibited tumor growth. Thus, ADT-007 has the potential to address the complex RAS mutational landscape of many human cancers and to improve treatment of RAS-driven tumors.