The different serum albumin assays influence calcium status in haemodialysis patients: a comparative study against free calcium as a reference method.

Abstract

Objectives: Accurate assessment of calcium levels is crucial for optimal management of regular Haemodialysis (HD) patients. Different calcium adjustment equations and albumin methods; including bromocresol purple (BCP) and bromocresol green (BCG) assays are employed by laboratories, which cause considerable discrepancies between reported results. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of albumin assays on calcium status in stable haemodialysis patients against free calcium (fCa) as a gold standard test.

Methods: 103 paired serum and fCa samples were collected from a cohort of stable HD patients. Albumin levels were measured by either the BCP or BCG method, and samples were also analysed for the total calcium (T.Ca), phosphate, bicarbonate, and pH levels. The performance of BCG-based and BCP-based adjusted calcium equations was compared using Z-scores scatter plots, intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen Kappa statistic, with fCa being the reference standard.

Results: Unadjusted T.Ca achieved a 70 % overall classification agreement with fCa and identified 61 % of the "true" hypocalcaemic samples. Adjusted calcium concentrations, calculated by either BCP- or BCG-based equation, were poor predictors of fCa; with more than 50 % of the hypocalcaemic samples being misclassified as normocalcaemic. Notably, both equations misclassified the calcium status in 5 (4.9 %) patients with severe hypocalcaemia (i.e., potentially requiring calcium infusion) as mild hypocalcaemia.

Conclusions: Our study showed evidence of hidden hypocalcaemia being missed by the current practice of using adjusted calcium in HD patients. Therefore, we recommend abandoning the adjustment procedure in samples from stable HD patients in favour of fCa measurement.