Genetic diversity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 viruses in poultry markets in Guangdong, China, 2020-2022.

Abstract

H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd) lineage continue to evolve and cause outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds, with sporadic spillover infections in mammals. The global spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses via migratory birds since 2020 has facilitated the introduction of novel reassortants to China, where avian influenza of various subtypes have been epizootic or enzootic among domestic birds. To determine the impact of clade 2.3.4.4b re-introduction on local HPAI dynamics, we analyzed the genetic diversity of H5N6 and H5N8 detected from monthly poultry market surveillance in Guangdong, China, between 2020 and 2022. Our findings reveal that H5N6 viruses clustered in clades 2.3.4.4b and 2.3.4.4h, while H5N8 viruses were exclusively clustered in clade 2.3.4.4b. After 2020, the re-introduced clade 2.3.4.4b viruses replaced the clade 2.3.4.4h viruses detected in 2020. The N6 genes were divided into two clusters, distinguished by an 11 amino acid deletion in the stalk region, while the N8 genes clustered with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses circulating among wild birds. Genomic analysis identified 10 transient genotypes. H5N6, which was more prevalently detected, was also clustered into more genotypes than H5N8. Specifically, H5N6 isolates contained genes derived from HPAI H5Nx viruses and low pathogenic avian influenza in China, while the H5N8 isolates contained genes derived from HPAI A(H5N8) 2.3.4.4b and A(H5N1) 2.3.2.1c. No positive selection on amino acid residues associated with mammalian adaptation was found. Our results suggest expanded genetic diversity of H5Nx viruses in China since 2021 with increasing challenges for pandemic preparedness.IMPORTANCESince 2016/2017, clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses have spread via migratory birds to all continents except Oceania. Here, we evaluated the impact of the re-introduction of clade of 2.3.4.4b on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus genetic diversity in China. Twenty-two H5N6 and H5N8 HPAI isolated from monthly surveillance in two poultry markets in Guangdong between 2020 and 2022 were characterized. Our findings showed that clade 2.3.4.4h, detected in 2020, was replaced by clade 2.3.4.4b in 2021-2022. H5N6 (n = 18) were clustered into more genotypes than H5N8 (n = 4), suggesting that H5N6 may possess better replication fitness in poultry. Conversely, the H5N8 genotypes are largely derived from the clade 2.3.4.4b wild bird isolates. As clade 2.3.4.4b continues to spread via migratory birds, it is anticipated that the genetic diversity of H5N6 viruses circulating in China may continue to expand in the coming years. Continuous efforts in surveillance, genetic analysis, and risk assessment are therefore crucial for pandemic preparedness.