Arsi Ikäheimonen, Nguyen Luong, Ilya Baryshnikov, Richard Darst, Roope Heikkilä, Joel Holmen, Annasofia Martikkala, Kirsi Riihimäki, Outi Saleva, Erkki Isometsä, Talayeh Aledavood
{"title":"Predicting and Monitoring Symptoms in Patients Diagnosed With Depression Using Smartphone Data: Observational Study.","authors":"Arsi Ikäheimonen, Nguyen Luong, Ilya Baryshnikov, Richard Darst, Roope Heikkilä, Joel Holmen, Annasofia Martikkala, Kirsi Riihimäki, Outi Saleva, Erkki Isometsä, Talayeh Aledavood","doi":"10.2196/56874","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical diagnostic assessments and the outcome monitoring of patients with depression rely predominantly on interviews by professionals and the use of self-report questionnaires. The ubiquity of smartphones and other personal consumer devices has prompted research into the potential of data collected via these devices to serve as digital behavioral markers for indicating the presence and monitoring of the outcome of depression.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This paper explores the potential of using behavioral data collected with smartphones to detect and monitor depression symptoms in patients diagnosed with depression. Specifically, it investigates whether this data can accurately classify the presence of depression, as well as monitor the changes in depressive states over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a prospective cohort study, we collected smartphone behavioral data for up to 1 year. The study consists of observations from 164 participants, including healthy controls (n=31) and patients diagnosed with various depressive disorders: major depressive disorder (MDD; n=85), MDD with comorbid borderline personality disorder (n=27), and major depressive episodes with bipolar disorder (n=21). Data were labeled based on depression severity using 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores. We performed statistical analysis and used supervised machine learning on the data to classify the severity of depression and observe changes in the depression state over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our correlation analysis revealed 32 behavioral markers associated with the changes in depressive state. Our analysis classified patients who are depressed with an accuracy of 82% (95% CI 80%-84%) and change in the presence of depression with an accuracy of 75% (95% CI 72%-76%). Notably, the most important smartphone features for classifying depression states were screen-off events, battery charge levels, communication patterns, app usage, and location data. Similarly, for predicting changes in depression state, the most important features were related to location, battery level, screen, and accelerometer data patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of smartphone digital behavioral markers to supplement clinical evaluations may aid in detecting the presence and changes in severity of symptoms of depression, particularly if combined with intermittent use of self-report of symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16337,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","volume":"26 ","pages":"e56874"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2196/56874","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Clinical diagnostic assessments and the outcome monitoring of patients with depression rely predominantly on interviews by professionals and the use of self-report questionnaires. The ubiquity of smartphones and other personal consumer devices has prompted research into the potential of data collected via these devices to serve as digital behavioral markers for indicating the presence and monitoring of the outcome of depression.
Objective: This paper explores the potential of using behavioral data collected with smartphones to detect and monitor depression symptoms in patients diagnosed with depression. Specifically, it investigates whether this data can accurately classify the presence of depression, as well as monitor the changes in depressive states over time.
Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we collected smartphone behavioral data for up to 1 year. The study consists of observations from 164 participants, including healthy controls (n=31) and patients diagnosed with various depressive disorders: major depressive disorder (MDD; n=85), MDD with comorbid borderline personality disorder (n=27), and major depressive episodes with bipolar disorder (n=21). Data were labeled based on depression severity using 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores. We performed statistical analysis and used supervised machine learning on the data to classify the severity of depression and observe changes in the depression state over time.
Results: Our correlation analysis revealed 32 behavioral markers associated with the changes in depressive state. Our analysis classified patients who are depressed with an accuracy of 82% (95% CI 80%-84%) and change in the presence of depression with an accuracy of 75% (95% CI 72%-76%). Notably, the most important smartphone features for classifying depression states were screen-off events, battery charge levels, communication patterns, app usage, and location data. Similarly, for predicting changes in depression state, the most important features were related to location, battery level, screen, and accelerometer data patterns.
Conclusions: The use of smartphone digital behavioral markers to supplement clinical evaluations may aid in detecting the presence and changes in severity of symptoms of depression, particularly if combined with intermittent use of self-report of symptoms.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) is a highly respected publication in the field of health informatics and health services. With a founding date in 1999, JMIR has been a pioneer in the field for over two decades.
As a leader in the industry, the journal focuses on digital health, data science, health informatics, and emerging technologies for health, medicine, and biomedical research. It is recognized as a top publication in these disciplines, ranking in the first quartile (Q1) by Impact Factor.
Notably, JMIR holds the prestigious position of being ranked #1 on Google Scholar within the "Medical Informatics" discipline.