World Stroke Organisation (WSO): Global intracerebral haemorrhage factsheet 2025.

Abstract

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is stroke caused by non-traumatic bleeding into the brain. Globally, stroke was the third-leading cause of death in 2021, and ICH accounted for 28.8% of incident strokes. There were estimated to be 7,252,678 deaths due to stroke in 2021 of which ICH accounted for 3,308,367 (45.6%). When considering the burden of ICH in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs), ICH accounts for nearly half of the burden of stroke at 49.5%, compared to 43.8% caused by ischaemic stroke. ICH must therefore be considered on an equal footing with ischaemic stroke, so that efforts can be made to reduce its burden through public health, research and healthcare provision. Although the overall age-standardised incidence of ICH has been decreasing since 1990, the rate of reduction has been much slower in regions with lower socio-demographic index (SDI). Most of the burden of ICH lies in areas with lower SDI, with 94.2% of DALYs lost to ICH outside areas of high SDI. Geographically, the majority of DALYs due to ICH occur in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania, with 53.3% of global DALYs lost in these regions alone. The risk factors for ICH are dominated by high systolic blood pressure, which accounts for at least 50% of the burden of ICH, regardless of SDI. Areas with middle or high-middle SDI have a greater proportion of the burden of ICH accounted for by ambient particulate pollution, smoking and diets high in sodium, whereas household air pollution from solid fuels accounts for much more of the risk of ICH in low SDI regions. This World Stroke Organisation (WSO) Global ICH Fact Sheet 2025 provides the most updated information on ICH that can be used to support communication with all internal and external stakeholders, inform healthcare policy, and raise public awareness. All statistics have been reviewed and approved for use by the WSO Executive Committee.