Tyrosinases: a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes.

IF 2.9 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
ChemTexts Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-30 DOI:10.1007/s40828-024-00195-y
Matthias Pretzler, Annette Rompel
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Tyrosinases (TYRs) are a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes that are present in all domains of life. TYRs catalyze the reactions that start the biosynthesis of melanin, the main pigment of the animal kingdom, and are also involved in the formation of the bright colors seen on the caps of mushrooms and in the petals of flowers. TYRs catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenols and the oxidation of catechols to the respective o-quinones. They only need molecular oxygen to do that, and the products of TYRs-o-quinones-are highly reactive and will usually react with the next available nucleophile. This reactivity can be harnessed for pharmaceutical applications as well as in environmental and food biotechnology. The majority of both basic and applied research on TYRs utilizes "mushroom tyrosinase", a crude enzyme preparation derived from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruiting bodies. Access to pure TYR preparations comes almost exclusively from the production of recombinant TYRs as the purification of these enzymes from the natural source is usually very laborious and plagued by low yields. In this text an introduction into the biochemistry of the enzyme TYR will be given, followed by an overview of available structural data of TYRs, the current model for the catalytic mechanism, a survey of reports on the recombinant production of this important metalloenzyme family, and a review of the applications of TYRs for the synthesis of catechols, as biosensors, in bioremediation, for the cross-linking of proteins and medical hydrogels as well as for melanoma treatment.

Graphical abstract:

酪氨酸酶:含铜金属酶的一个家族。
酪氨酸酶(TYRs)是一个含铜金属酶家族,存在于生命的各个领域。tyr催化黑色素的生物合成反应,黑色素是动物王国的主要色素,也参与了蘑菇帽和花瓣上鲜艳颜色的形成。tyr催化苯酚的邻羟基化和氧化,以及儿茶酚氧化成相应的邻醌。它们只需要分子氧就能做到这一点,而tyr的产物-邻醌-反应性很强,通常会与下一个可用的亲核试剂反应。这种反应性可用于制药应用以及环境和食品生物技术。tyr的基础和应用研究大多利用“蘑菇酪氨酸酶”,这是一种从蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)子实体中提取的粗酶制剂。获得纯TYR制剂几乎完全来自重组TYR的生产,因为从天然来源纯化这些酶通常非常费力且产量低。在本文中,将介绍TYR酶的生物化学,然后概述TYR的现有结构数据,催化机制的当前模型,对这一重要金属酶家族重组生产的报告进行调查,并对TYR在合成儿茶酚、作为生物传感器、生物修复、蛋白质交联和医用水凝胶以及黑色素瘤治疗方面的应用进行综述。图形化的简介:
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
ChemTexts
ChemTexts CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
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