Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Risk of Preterm Birth: The Role of Weight Gain during Pregnancy, Race, and Ethnicity.

Abstract

Objective:  Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the leading causes of infant and neonatal mortality. Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) has been linked to PTB but the evidence of this association by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity is limited. This study aimed to assess the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and PTB stratified by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity.

Study design:  The U.S. natality data from 2017 to 2021 were used. In this analysis, we included mothers who had a live singleton birth and available data for prepregnancy BMI, gestational age at birth, weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between prepregnancy BMI categories and PTB stratified by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity.

Results:  A total of 17,311,509 singleton live births were included of which 1,393,889 (8.05 %) were PTBs. After adjusting for confounders, compared with normal prepregnancy BMI mothers (18.5-24.9), those with underweight BMI (<18.5) were at increased odds of PTB regardless of weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity. However, for mothers with a prepregnancy BMI above the normal weight (≥25), the association between prepregnancy BMI and PTB differs by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity. Asian mothers with obesity II (35.0-39.9) had 93% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62-2.30) increased odds of PTB for weight gain during pregnancy of 31 to 40 pounds. Their White, Hispanic, and Black counterparts experienced lower odds of PTB for similar weight gain during pregnancy (White: OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.51-1.60; Hispanic: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.54; and Black: OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.17-1.27).

Conclusion:  Mothers with underweight BMI were at increased risk of PTB regardless of weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity. However, the association between high prepregnancy BMI and PTB varied by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity.

Key points: · The association between prepregnancy BMI categories and PTB had a "J" shape, with lower odds in the normal weight group.. · Low prepregnancy BMI was associated with increased risk of PTB regardless of weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity.. · The association between high prepregnancy BMI and PTB varies by weight gain during pregnancy, race, and ethnicity..