Structural Disorder of a Layered Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathode Paving a Reversible Phase Transition Route toward Its Theoretical Capacity

Abstract

Layered lithium manganese oxides suffer from irreversible phase transitions induced by Mn migration and/or dissolution associated with the Jahn–Teller effect (JTE) of Mn³⁺, leading to inevitable capacity fading during cycling. The popular doping strategy of oxidizing Mn³⁺ to Mn⁴⁺ to relieve the JTE cannot completely eliminate the detrimental structural collapse from the cooperative JTE. Therefore, they are considered to be impractical for commercial use as cathode materials. Here, we demonstrate a layered lithium manganese oxide that can be charged and discharged without any serious structural collapse using metastable Li-birnessite with controlled structural disorder. Although Li-birnessite is thermodynamically unstable under ambient conditions, Li ion exchange into Na-birnessite followed by an optimal dehydration resulted in a disordered Li-birnessite. The control over crystal water in the interlayer provides intriguing short-range order therein, which can help to suppress parasitic Mn migration and dissolution, thereby ensuring a reversible electrochemical cycling. The Mn redox behavior and local structure change of the Li-birnessite were investigated by ex situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) and X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The combined sXAS and PDF with electrochemical analyses disclosed that the reversible Mn redox and suppressed phase transitions in Dh Li-birnessite contribute to dramatically improving its electrochemical reversiblity during cycling. Our findings underscore the substantial effects of controlled static disorder on the structural stability and electrochemical reversibility of a layered lithium manganese oxide, Li-birnessite, which extends the practical capacity of layered oxides close to their theoretical limit.