Chaotic fields out of equilibrium are observable independent

Abstract

Chaotic dynamics is always characterized by swarms of unstable trajectories, unpredictable individually, and thus generally studied statistically. It is often the case that such phase-space densities relax exponentially fast to a limiting distribution, that rules the long-time average of every observable of interest. Before that asymptotic time scale, the statistics of chaos is generally believed to depend on both the initial conditions and the chosen observable. I show that this is not the case for a widely applicable class of models, that feature a phase-space (‘field’) distribution common to all pushed-forward or integrated observables, while the system is still relaxing towards statistical equilibrium or a stationary state. This universal profile is determined by both leading and first subleading eigenfunctions of the transport operator (Koopman or Perron–Frobenius) that maps phase-space densities forward or backward in time.