Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits sympathetic neuroplasticity independent of peripheral chemoreflex activation and spinal cord tissue hypoxia in a rodent model of high-thoracic spinal cord injury.

Abstract

The loss of medullary control of spinal circuits controlling the heart and blood vessels is a unifying mechanism linking both hemodynamic instability and the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) following spinal cord injury (SCI). As such, new avenues to regulate sympathetic activity are essential to mitigate CVD in this population. Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces a type of neuroplasticity known as long-term facilitation (LTF), a persistent increase in nerve activity post-AIH in spinal motor circuits. Whether LTF occurs within the sympathetic circuit following SCI is largely unknown. We aimed to test whether AIH elicits sympathetic LTF (i.e., sLTF) and attenuates hypoactivity in sub-lesional splanchnic sympathetic circuits in a male rat model of SCI. In 3 experimental series, we tested whether 1) high-thoracic contusion SCI induces hypoactivity in splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, 2) AIH elicits sLTF following SCI, and 3) sLTF requires carotid chemoreflex activation or spinal cord tissue hypoxia. Our results indicate that a single-session of AIH therapy (10 × 1 min of F_iO₂ = 0.1, interspersed with 2 min of F_iO₂ = 1.0) delivered at 2 weeks following SCI attenuates SCI-induced sympathetic hypoactivity by eliciting sLTF 90 min post-treatment that is independent of peripheral chemoreflex activation and/or spinal cord hypoxia. These findings advance our mechanistic understanding of AIH in the field and yield new insights into factors underpinning AIH-induced sLTF following SCI in a rat model. Our findings also set the stage for the chronic application of AIH to alleviate secondary complications resulting from sympathetic hypoactivity following SCI.