Design and Test of Molecules that Interfere with the Recognition Mechanisms between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Host Cell Receptors

Abstract

The disruptive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has led the scientific community to undertake an unprecedented effort to characterize viral infection mechanisms. Among these, interactions between the viral glycosylated Spike and the human receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are key to allowing virus invasion. Here, we report and test a fully rational methodology to design molecules that are capable of perturbing the interactions between these critical players in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. To this end, we computationally identify substructures on the fully glycosylated Spike protein that are not intramolecularly optimized and are thus prone to being stabilized by forming complexes with ACE2 and TMPRSS2. With the aim of competing with the Spike-mediated cell entry mechanisms, we have engineered the predicted putative interaction regions in the form of peptide mimics that could compete with Spike for interaction with ACE2 and/or TMPRSS2. Experimental models of viral entry demonstrate that the designed molecules are able to interfere with viral entry into ACE2/TMPRSS2 expressing cells, while they have no effects on the entry of control viral particles that do not harbor the Spike protein or on the entry of Spike-presenting viral particles into cells that do not display its receptors on their surface.