Inherited kidney disease and CAKUT are common causes of kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy: an ERA Registry study.

Abstract

Background: Inherited kidney diseases (IKD) and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are causes of kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) that major renal registries usually amalgamate into the primary renal disease (PRD) category 'miscellaneous' or in the glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis categories. This makes IKDs invisible (except for polycystic kidney disease) and may negatively influence the use of genetic testing, which may identify a cause for IKDs and some CAKUT.

Methods: We have re-examined the etiology of KRT by composing a separate IKD and CAKUT PRD group using data from the European Renal Association (ERA) Registry.

Results: In 2019, IKD-CAKUT was the fourth most common cause of kidney failure among incident KRT patients, accounting for 8.9% of cases (IKD 7.4% [including 5.0% ADPKD], CAKUT 1.5%), behind diabetes (23.0%), hypertension (14.4%) and glomerulonephritis (10.6%). IKD-CAKUT was the most common cause of kidney failure among patients younger than 20 years (41.0% of cases), but their incidence rate was highest among those aged 45-74 years (22.5 per million age-related population). Among prevalent KRT patients, IKD-CAKUT (18.5%) and glomerulonephritis (18.7%) were the two most common causes of kidney failure overall, while IKD-CAKUT was the most common cause in women (21.6%) and in patients younger than 45 years (29.1%).

Conclusion: IKD and CAKUT are common causes of kidney failure among KRT patients. Distinct categorization of IKD and CAKUT better characterizes the epidemiology of the causes of chronic kidney disease, and highlights the importance of genetic testing in the diagnostic workup of CKD.