Heavy metal contamination and potential health risks in upland rice-producing soils of rotational shifting cultivation in northern Thailand

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Noppol Arunrat, Praeploy Kongsurakan, Sukanya Sereenonchai
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Rotational shifting cultivation (RSC) is commonly practiced in northern Thailand for upland rice cultivation, primarily for household consumption. However, the potential health risks from heavy metal contamination in these soils have not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination of six heavy metals (Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), and Chromium (Cr)) in upland rice across RSC fields with varying fallow periods and assess the associated health risks from rice consumption. Four RSC fields with 5, 6, 10, and 12-year fallow periods were examined. The RSC-6Y and RSC-12Y fields were used for upland rice cultivation in 2022, while the RSC-5Y and RSC-10Y fields were cultivated in 2023. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was calculated, and translocation factors (TF) were assessed for the transfer of heavy metals from soil to straw (TFStraw/Soil), straw to grain (TFGrain/Straw), and soil to grain (TFGrain/Soil). The results indicated that after burning vegetation in the RSC fields, the highest concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Hg were found in the ash. In RSC soils, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, and Hg levels were below reference standards, with Cd undetected. In rice grains, the order of concentration was Pb > Cu > Cr > As, with Hg and Cd undetected. Pb levels in rice grains exceeded the safety threshold. Igeo values indicated no contamination to moderate contamination across sites, with negative Igeo values for Cr and Cu, and zero values for Cd. The TF results showed limited transfer of As, Hg, and Cd from soil to rice plants (TFStraw/Soil < 0.1), but notable transfer for Pb, Cr, and Cu. Pb was readily transferred from soil to grain (TFGrain/Soil), posing a potential health risk. The study highlights potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from heavy metal exposure, particularly Pb, and underscores the need for further research to determine contamination sources and mitigation strategies.

泰国北部轮作轮垦高地水稻生产土壤中的重金属污染和潜在健康风险
轮作轮垦(RSC)是泰国北部高地水稻种植的普遍做法,主要用于家庭消费。然而,这些土壤中的重金属污染对健康的潜在风险尚未得到深入探讨。本研究旨在评估不同休耕期的 RSC 稻田高地水稻中六种重金属(砷 (As)、汞 (Hg)、镉 (Cd)、铅 (Pb)、铜 (Cu) 和铬 (Cr))的污染情况,并评估食用大米对健康造成的相关风险。对休耕期分别为 5 年、6 年、10 年和 12 年的四块 RSC 稻田进行了研究。RSC-6Y和RSC-12Y田块在2022年用于种植陆地水稻,而RSC-5Y和RSC-10Y田块则在2023年种植。计算了地理累积指数(Igeo),并评估了重金属从土壤到秸秆(TFStraw/Soil)、从秸秆到谷物(TFGrain/Straw)以及从土壤到谷物(TFGrain/Soil)的转移因子(TF)。结果表明,焚烧 RSC 田间植被后,灰烬中铅、铬和汞的浓度最高。在 RSC 土壤中,铜、铬、砷、铅和汞的含量低于参考标准,镉未被检测到。在水稻谷粒中,铅、铜、铬、砷的浓度顺序依次为铅、铜、铬、砷,未检测到汞和镉。米粒中的铅含量超过了安全阈值。各地点的 Igeo 值从无污染到中度污染不等,其中铬和铜的 Igeo 值为负值,镉的 Igeo 值为零。TF 结果显示,砷、汞和镉从土壤向水稻植株的转移有限(TFStraw/Soil < 0.1),但铅、铬和铜的转移显著。铅很容易从土壤转移到谷物(TFGrain/Soil),对健康构成潜在风险。该研究强调了重金属(尤其是铅)暴露的潜在非致癌和致癌风险,并强调了进一步研究确定污染源和缓解策略的必要性。
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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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