Peripartum allopregnanolone blood concentrations and depressive symptoms: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

Abstract

Neuroactive steroids including allopregnanolone are implicated in the pathophysiology of peripartum depressive symptoms (PDS). We performed a systematic review searching PubMed/Embase/PsychInfo/Cinhail through 08/2023 (updated in 07/2024), and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of studies comparing allopregnanolone blood concentrations in women with versus without PDS at various timepoints during the 2^nd and 3^rd trimester and the postpartum period, calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses included age, diagnoses of affective disorders before pregnancy, antidepressant treatment, analytical methods, and sample type. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa-scale. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022354495). We retrieved 13 studies with 2509 women (n = 849 with PDS). Allopregnanolone concentrations did not differ between women with versus without PDS at any timepoint (p > 0.05). Allopregnanolone concentrations assessed during pregnancy did not differ for women with versus without PDS at postpartum follow-up (p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses indicated higher allopregnanolone concentrations in women with versus without PDS at gestational weeks 21–24 and 25–28 (SMD = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.04, 2.11 and SMD = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.26, 1.59 respectively). Moreover, we reported differences between studies using mass-spectrometry combined with chromatography versus immunoassays at gestational weeks 25–28 (p = 0.01) and plasma versus serum samples at gestational weeks 21–24 (p = 0.005). Study quality was rated as poor, good, and fair for two, one and ten studies respectively. PDS were not associated with differences for allopregnanolone concentrations. The use of heterogenous peripartum time points, study cohorts, depression symptom measures and analytical methods has hampered progress in elucidating neuroactive steroid signaling linked to PDS.