Enhancing MRI brain tumor classification: A comprehensive approach integrating real-life scenario simulation and augmentation techniques

Abstract

Brain cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with mortality rates showing a concerning surge over recent decades. The incidence of brain cancer-related mortality has risen from 140,000 to 250,000, accompanied by a doubling in new diagnoses from 175,000 to 350,000. In response, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a pivotal diagnostic tool, facilitating early detection and treatment planning. However, the translation of deep learning approaches to brain cancer diagnosis faces a critical obstacle: the scarcity of public clinical datasets reflecting real-world complexities. This study aims to bridge this gap through a comprehensive exploration and augmentation of training data. Initially, a battery of pre-trained deep models undergoes evaluation on a main brain cancer MRI “BT-MRI” dataset, yielding remarkable performance metrics, including 100% accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score, substantiated by the Score-CAM methodology. This initial success underscores the potential of deep learning in brain cancer diagnosis. Subsequently, the model’s efficacy undergoes further scrutiny using a supplementary brain cancer MRI “BCD-MRI” dataset, affirming its robustness and applicability across diverse datasets. However, the ultimate litmus test lies in confronting the model with synthetic testing datasets crafted to emulate real-world scenarios. The synthetic testing datasets, a BCD-MRI testing sub-dataset enriched with noise, blur, and simulated patient motion, reveal a sobering reality: the model’s performance plummets, exposing inherent limitations in generalization. To address this issue, a diverse set of optimization strategies and augmentation techniques, ranging from diverse optimizers to sophisticated data augmentation methods, are exhaustively explored. Despite these efforts, the problem of generalization persists. The breakthrough emerges with the integration of noise and blur as augmentation techniques during the training process. Leveraging Gaussian noise and Gaussian blur kernels, the model undergoes a transformative evolution, exhibiting newfound robustness and resilience. Retesting the refined model against the challenging synthetic datasets reveals a remarkable transformation, with performance metrics witnessing a notable ascent. This achievement underscores the important role of correct selection of data augmentation in fortifying the generalization of deep learning models for brain cancer diagnosis. This study not only advances the frontiers of diagnostic precision in brain cancer but also underscores the paramount importance of methodological rigor and innovation in confronting the complexities of real-world clinical scenarios.