Doxorubicin removal from an aqueous environment efficiently using bimetallic organic frameworks: Synthesis, characterization, and optimization of adsorption procedure using the Box–Behnken design

Abstract

A solvothermal approach was utilized to successfully synthesize the La/Cs metal–organic frameworks (La/Cs-MOF). The synthesis was confirmed by means of evaluations of surface area, point of zero charge (PZC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The La/Cs-MOF material stands out for having a significant pore volume (6.64 cm³/g) and surface area (1662.2 m²/g). Surprisingly, we discovered that the adsorption behavior is significantly affected by changes in the solution’s pH. At pH 6 and with a dosage of 0.02 g, we found the ideal settings to obtain a high adsorption capacity. The adsorption development is endothermic, meaning that as temperatures rise, so does the capacity. The La/Cs-MOF was used to remove aqueous solutions containing hazardous organic pollutants, such as doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The adsorption process was fitted to Langmuir isothermally and kinetically fitted to pseudo-second-order. It was revealed that a chemisorption mechanism was involved throughout the entire development. Box–Behnken design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to improve the solution pH, absorbent dosage, time, and temperature. For DOX, the values of (ΔH°), (ΔS°), and (ΔG°) were effectively obtained. These calculations showed that the reaction was both endothermic and spontaneous when using La/Cs-MOF as an adsorbent. It was found that the maximum adsorption ability was 962.6 mg/g. A number of possible mechanisms, including hydrogen bonding, π–π bonding, pore-filling, electrostatic interactions, and chemisorption, have been proposed as part of the La/Cs-MOF adsorption mechanism for the dye DOX.