A case report of brainstem encephalitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a young female

Abstract

We present a rare case of autoimmune brainstem encephalitis, a serious inflammatory condition affecting the brainstem, in a 20-year-old female simultaneously with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Brainstem encephalitis can be caused by various infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and paraneoplastic syndromes. When associated with autoimmune disorders, its diagnosis and management can be challenging.Symptoms typically include those of the underlying autoimmune disorder, along with features of encephalitis such as headache, altered consciousness, fever, seizures, and cranial nerve involvement. Our patient presented with fever, seizures, and signs indicative of SLE, which were later confirmed through various antibody profiles. The patient was treated with steroids and immunosuppressants, showing a positive response, and was eventually discharged. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and treatment approaches employed to manage symptoms and address the disease. Autoimmune brainstem encephalitis caused by SLE is a rare but potentially morbid condition, often diagnosed late. Looking out for specific signs and symptoms leads to prompt diagnosis and timely management. SLE encephalitis is rarely reported and poorly understood.Therefore, further research is required.