Right Ventricular Perforation by Fractured Sternal Wires: A Narrative Review.

Abstract

Introduction: Migration of a fragmented sternal wire is an unusual and rare phenomenon following cardiovascular surgery. It can present with variable clinical presentations, ranging from incidental findings to hemodynamic instability. Here, we described two cases of fragmented sternal wire migration to the right ventricle.

Methods: Retrospective review of the clinical course of two patients presenting with a fragmented sternal wire embedded in the right ventricle after sternotomy for cardiovascular surgery. We also conducted a literature review to identify similar cases, compared them based on reported clinical variables, and discussed the role of diagnostic imaging and management.

Results: We identified 13 patients (11 from the literature), of which 85% were men, and the median age was 64 years; 46% presented with hemorrhagic shock, another 46% had other cardiovascular symptoms, and 8% were asymptomatic. The presentation was bimodal, 54% presented within three weeks of the original sternotomy, while 46% had sternotomy more than a year before. Sternal dehiscence/instability was observed in 61% of cases. Computed tomography scan was the most common diagnostic modality (54%). Two patients did not undergo surgery, and two others died after surgery, while others had a successful surgical repair.

Conclusion: Migration of a fragmented sternal wire is a phenomenon presented on a dehisced and unstable sternum that can occur days or years after sternotomy. These findings and the associated cardiac injury can be easily missed on computed tomography scan reporting if one is not looking for it. After diagnosis, treatment should be individualized according to the patient's needs.