Myriad of factors involved in blood pressure control. Salt intake connects them all.

Abstract

Long-lasting elevated blood pressure (BP), i.e. hypertension, is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a multifactorial and systemic disease that involves multiple systems, hypertension remains a challenging disease to study. Models of hypertension are a basic source of knowledge to drive and support the discovery of the specific genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying essential hypertension, as well as to discover and introduce new possible treatments to lower BP. Animal models of hypertension deliver a huge amount of information but it is important to choose the proper one for our scientific hypothesis. In this review, we discuss the physiological, and biochemical background of rodent models of hypertension through a systems approach and a myriad of mechanisms and pathways involved in blood pressure control. We also pay attention to how target organs and systems including the kidneys, vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and immunological system, interfere with each other, and their activity is differentially controlled by sodium delivery, which still remains a pivotal troublemaker.