Metabolic Pathways Associated With Obesity and Hypertension in Black Caregivers of Persons Living With Dementia.

Abstract

Background: In the United States, Black adults have the highest prevalence of obesity and hypertension, increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality. Caregivers of persons with dementia are also at increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to the demands of providing care. Thus, Black caregivers-who are the second largest group of caregivers of persons with dementia in the United States-have the highest risks for poor health outcomes among all caregivers. However, the physiological changes associated with multiple chronic conditions in Black caregivers are poorly understood.

Objectives: In this study, metabolomics were compared to the metabolic profiles of Black caregivers with obesity, with or without hypertension. Our goal was to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways that could be targeted to reduce obesity and hypertension rates in this group.

Methods: High-resolution, untargeted metabolomic assays were performed on plasma samples from 26 self-identified Black caregivers with obesity, 18 of whom had hypertension. Logistic regression and pathway analyses were employed to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways differentiating caregivers with obesity only and caregivers with both obesity and hypertension.

Results: Key metabolic pathways discriminating caregivers with obesity only and caregivers with obesity and hypertension were butanoate and glutamate metabolism, fatty acid activation/biosynthesis, and the carnitine shuttle pathway. Metabolites related to glutamate metabolism in the butanoate metabolism pathway were more abundant in caregivers with hypertension, while metabolites identified as butyric acid/butanoate and R-(3)-hydroxybutanoate were less abundant. Caregivers with hypertension also had lower levels of several unsaturated fatty acids.

Discussion: In Black caregivers with obesity, multiple metabolic features and pathways differentiated among caregivers with and without hypertension. If confirmed in future studies, these findings would support ongoing clinical monitoring and culturally tailored interventions focused on nutrition (particularly polyunsaturated fats and animal protein), exercise, and stress management to reduce the risk of hypertension in Black caregivers with obesity.